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Josefa Segovia
Josefa Loazia, also more commonly known as "Juanita", was a Mexican-American woman who was lynched in Downieville, California on July 5, 1851. She was found guilty of murdering a man, Frederick Cannon, who attempted to assault her. She is known to be the first and only woman to be lynched in California.〔Gutierrez, Margo, and Matt S. Meier. Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement. Greenwood, 2000. Print. p. 135-136.〕 Many discrepancies exist regarding the circumstances of her death. Josefa’s death has many connections and relevancy to the larger history of Latina/os in the United States because it shows how her racial status affected perception of her and how devalued the life of a Mexican American woman was. Josefa’s death highlights the discrimination and violence against Latinos in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Upon the end of the Mexican-American War, the discovery of gold in California, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, life for Mexicans in what had become the United States was changed completely. They lost their property, political power, and their culture was deemed worthless 〔Navarro, Marysa, Gwendolyn Mink, and Gloria Steinem. The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History. Reprint Edition. Mariner Books , 1999. Print.〕 They became segregated and did not have opportunities for advancement. This discrimination affected and applied to both rich and poor Mexicans.〔 In Anglo journals and other media, Mexican women were depicted as flashy and morally deviant “sirens”.〔 This is apparent in how Josefa’s story was presented in Anglo media. She was known as “Juanita” when stories came out about her death in complete disregard of who she was so much as to give her a stereotypical name for a Mexican woman rather than using her real name.
== Early life and controversy about her name ==
Not much is known about the early life of Josefa Loaiza. The date of her birth is unknown and she only became an important figure in history after she was lynched. If it had not been for her lynching, she would have no importance in history.〔Blea, Irene I. U.S. Chicanas and Latinas Within a Global Context: Women of Color at the Fourth World Women's Conference. Praeger, 1997. 89-90. eBook.〕
Josefa Segovia’s true name has been a topic of great debate among historians and scholars. Before the Chicano Civil Rights Movement, most male scholars contended that Josefa had no recorded last name. For example, in Gordon Young’s ''Days of 49'', he says that her name was “Juanita”.〔 Bancroft also uses the name Juanita, although his use of it suggests that it is not the correct name. Throughout his account of the events at Downieville he refers to Segovia as either “The Mexican” or “the little woman” only assigning her a name during his description of her trial. This lack of any name for her for much of the account suggests that the name Juanita was simply chosen as a generic name for a Mexican woman.〔 Historian Rodolpho F. Acuna claimed her name was Juana Loaiza citing an 1877 Schedule of Mexican Claims Against the United States that listed one Jose Maria Loiza as claiming damages for the lynching of his wife. Doubt is cast upon this name however, as it does not show up in the 1850 census, suggesting that the claim may have been fraudulent.〔 It wasn’t until Martha Cotera, an influential activist of both the Chicano Movement and Chicana Feminist Movement, informed Chicano scholars in 1976 that her last name was Segovia.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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